Norms (mean score and standard deviation from the mean) have been established for most, though not all, of the scales. The norms are derived from human-assigned scores. The norms have been shown to vary with age (adult/child, with a cutoff at > 18 years), gender, and (for some scales) ethnicity.
Norms for the various scales, by age and gender, are given in the table below. On samples where information is not available about subject age and gender, the adult male norms are used for comparison.
Norms for the Gottschalk-Gleser Content Analysis Scales
|
Male Adult |
|
Male Child |
|
Female Adult |
|
Female Child |
|
Scale |
Mean |
S.D. |
Mean |
S.D. |
Mean |
S.D. |
Mean |
S.D. |
Anxiety Total |
1.48 |
0.70 |
2.05 |
0.89 |
1.48 |
0.70 |
2.05 |
0.89 |
Death Anxiety (1) |
0.30 |
0.51 |
0.55 |
0.45 |
0.18 |
0.34 |
0.63 |
0.42 |
Mutilation Anxiety (2) |
0.36 |
0.55 |
0.79 |
0.63 |
0.28 |
0.51 |
0.92 |
0.67 |
|
Separation Anxiety (3) |
0.30 |
0.46 |
1.18 |
0.78 |
0.42 |
0.52 |
1.16 |
0.55 |
|
Guilt Anxiety (4) |
0.31 |
0.49 |
0.41 |
0.22 |
0.31 |
0.47 |
0.43 |
0.32 |
|
Shame Anxiety (5) |
0.42 |
0.57 |
0.95 |
0.69 |
0.70 |
0.70 |
0.80 |
0.59 |
|
Diffuse Anxiety (6) |
0.35 |
0.46 |
0.55 |
0.27 |
0.45 |
0.63 |
0.69 |
0.45 |
|
Hostility Outward Total |
0.97 |
0.50 |
1.15 |
0.58 |
0.97 |
0.50 |
1.15 |
0.58 |
|
Hostility Outward Overt |
0.70 |
0.36 |
0.80 |
0.48 |
0.70 |
0.36 |
0.80 |
0.48 |
|
Hostility Outward Covert |
0.67 |
0.46 |
0.86 |
0.48 |
0.67 |
0.46 |
0.86 |
0.48 |
|
Hostility Inward |
0.60 |
0.35 |
0.74 |
0.54 |
0.60 |
0.35 |
0.74 |
0.54 |
|
Ambivalent Hostility |
0.58 |
0.43 |
0.68 |
0.38 |
0.58 |
0.43 |
0.68 |
0.38 |
|
Social Alienate-Personal Disorganize |
2.89 |
2.70 |
1.15 |
4.75 |
2.89 |
2.70 |
1.15 |
4.75 |
|
Cognitive Impairment |
0.81 |
0.47 |
2.51 |
1.80 |
0.81 |
0.47 |
2.51 |
1.80 |
|
Hope |
0.74 |
1.03 |
0.05 |
1.25 |
0.74 |
1.03 |
0.05 |
1.25 |
|
Depression Total |
5.48 |
1.87 |
6.16 |
2.82 |
5.39 |
1.53 |
6.37 |
2.37 |
|
Dep - Hopelessness (I) |
0.90 |
0.31 |
0.98 |
0.54 |
1.05 |
0.38 |
1.15 |
0.53 |
|
Dep - Self-Accusation (II) |
1.03 |
0.58 |
1.11 |
0.86 |
1.41 |
0.76 |
1.25 |
0.75 |
|
Dep - Guilt |
0.37 |
0.21 |
0.47 |
0.18 |
0.41 |
0.18 |
0.50 |
0.53 |
|
Dep - Shame |
0.79 |
0.53 |
0.83 |
0.80 |
1.18 |
0.78 |
0.85 |
0.83 |
|
Dep - Hostile Inward |
0.64 |
0.38 |
0.77 |
0.45 |
0.75 |
0.33 |
0.72 |
0.30 |
|
Dep -Psychomotor Retardation (III) |
0.35 |
0.10 |
0.41 |
0.16 |
0.41 |
0.19 |
0.42 |
0.28 |
|
Dep - Somatic Concerns (IV) |
0.34 |
0.10 |
0.54 |
0.32 |
0.46 |
0.17 |
0.51 |
0.33 |
|
Dep - Death/Mutilation (V) |
0.93 |
0.65 |
0.88 |
0.78 |
0.57 |
0.40 |
0.86 |
0.79 |
|
Dep - Death |
0.65 |
0.50 |
0.52 |
0.33 |
0.48 |
0.28 |
0.56 |
0.35 |
|
Dep - Mutilation |
0.70 |
0.50 |
0.84 |
0.70 |
0.46 |
0.35 |
0.75 |
0.70 |
|
Dep - Separation (VI) |
0.86 |
0.63 |
1.02 |
0.75 |
0.71 |
0.35 |
0.94 |
0.43 |
|
Dep - Hostility Outward (VII) |
1.06 |
0.56 |
1.23 |
0.62 |
0.77 |
0.33 |
1.19 |
0.46 |
|
Dep - Hostility Out Overt |
0.72 |
0.36 |
0.89 |
0.49 |
0.69 |
0.31 |
0.88 |
0.45 |
|
Dep - Hostility Out Covert |
0.81 |
0.51 |
0.84 |
0.60 |
0.50 |
0.19 |
0.80 |
0.39 |
|
Health/Sickness |
0.65 |
0.40 |
0.65 |
0.40 |
1.40 |
1.10 |
1.40 |
1.10 |
|
Health |
0.43 |
0.34 |
0.43 |
0.34 |
0.94 |
1.09 |
0.96 |
1.09 |
|
Sickness |
0.22 |
0.24 |
0.22 |
0.24 |
0.46 |
0.34 |
0.46 |
0.34 |
|
Human Relations |
0.99 |
0.76 |
1.78 |
0.61 |
1.40 |
0.95 |
1.78 |
0.61 |
|
Achievement Strivings |
1.11 |
1.17 |
1.11 |
1.17 |
1.11 |
1.17 |
1.11 |
1.17 |
|
Achievement - Support |
1.84 |
0.99 |
1.84 |
0.99 |
1.84 |
0.99 |
1.84 |
0.99 |
|
Achievement - Deterrents |
0.74 |
0.54 |
0.74 |
0.54 |
0.74 |
0.54 |
0.74 |
0.54 |
|
Dependency Strivings |
0.54 |
0.42 |
0.54 |
0.42 |
0.54 |
0.42 |
0.54 |
0.42 |
|
Frustrated Dependency Strivings |
0.11 |
0.18 |
0.11 |
0.18 |
0.11 |
0.18 |
0.11 |
0.18 |
|
Quality of Life |
-1.67 |
3.71 |
-1.67 |
3.71 |
-1.67 |
3.71 |
-1.67 |
3.71 |
PCAD uses the distance of a sample score from the mean for a scale to generate commentary and candidate diagnoses for consideration.
· A score that lies within one standard deviation of the mean is considered “in the normal range.”
· A score that is more than one but less than two standard deviations from the mean is “slightly high.”
· Between two and three standard deviations, scores are described as “moderately high,” and
· Above three standard deviations are described as “very high.”
[Note: on most scales, PCAD reports only deviations above the mean. Exceptions are Hope, Human Relations, Achievement Strivings, and Quality of Life. For these scales, deviations below the mean are reported as “slightly/moderately/very low.”]